The respiratory tract has been used to deliver biologically active chemicals into the human body for centuries. However, the lungs are complex in their anatomy and physiology, which poses challenges to drug delivery. Inhaled formulations are generally more sophisticated than those for oral and parenteral administration. Pulmonary drug development is therefore a highly specialized area because of its many unique issues and challenges. Rapid progress is being made and offers novel solutions to existing treatment problems. Advances in Pulmonary Drug Delivery highlights the latest developments in this field.

The respiratory tract has been used to deliver biologically active chemicals into the human body for centuries. However, the lungs are complex in their anatomy and physiology, which poses challenges to drug delivery. Inhaled formulations are generally more sophisticated than those for oral and parenteral administration. Pulmonary drug development is therefore a highly specialized area because of its many unique issues and challenges. Rapid progress is being made and offers novel solutions to existing treatment problems. Advances in Pulmonary Drug Delivery highlights the latest developments in this field.

Replacement decisions are critical in most businesses, because assets are subject to deterioration or obsolescence with usage and time. In addition, technological improvement affects the replacement cycle of assets. In our research, we focus on a fleet replacement problem with a single- unit. The main problems of fleet replacement decisions are first, when we should replace existing assets with new assets, and second, how many assets to replace at once. To solve these problems, we introduce two policies for fleet replacement: group replacement and staggered replacement. To address these issues, we develop mathematical models and analyze results to find the preferable policy under certain conditions.

The study of noncommutative rings is a major area in modern algebra. The structure theory of noncommutative rings was originally concerned with three parts: The study of semi-simple rings; the study of radical rings; and the construction of rings with given radical and semi-simple factor rings. Recently, this has extended to many new parts: The zero-divisor theory, containing the study of coefficients of zero-dividing polynomials and the study of annihilators over noncommutative rings, that is related to the Koethe's conjecture; the study of nil rings and Jacobson rings; the study of applying ring-theoretic properties to modules; representation theory; the study of relations between algebraic and concepts of other branches (for example, analytic and topological), etc. Thus, noncommutative rings are ubiquitous in mathematics, and occur in numerous sciences.This volume consists of a collection of original articles refereed by world experts that was presented at the Sixth China-Japan-Korea International Conference on Ring Theory. These articles exhibit new ideas, tools and techniques needed for successful research and investigation in noncommutative ring theory, and show the trend of current research. It is a useful resource book for beginners and advanced experts in ring theory.